Biodegradation is a technique that employs natural biological processes to completely degrade toxic contaminants from the environment. Hydrolysis. Xenobiotics that interfere with these critical receptor-mediated mechanisms could likely lead to a variety of toxicities . Frequently, oxidation of xenobiotics involves cytochrome P 450 or rebredoxin. 2318 views ; Environment and Ecology Air Pollution Add to Study Deck 146 IAS 2017. Besides also evaporation of the chemical is included. 3rd sem. Degaradation of alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons generally occurs as follows: (i) an oxygenase first introduces a hydroxyl group to make the compound reactive, (2) Metabolism of xenobiotics Also called: !Biotransformation, or detoxification Primary metabolism – secondary metabolism Goal: To make use of a compound or to facilitate its excretion Increases the water solubility of a compound Divided in two phases, phase I and phase II. The questions attempt to exercise your reasoning as well as your memory. Background. The molecules of most xenobiotics contain halogens bonded to aliphatic or aromatic carbon. Key words: Xenobiotics, degradation, bioremediation, co-metabolism, catabolic genes, plasmid, transposon, horizontal gene transfer. However, the term ‘biodegradation’ is widely used for: ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Because the microbes originated from aquifer solids, concentrations are presented on a solids dry weight basis. BIODEGRADATION OF XENOBIOTIC COMPOUNDS 2213 a number of radiolabeled compounds was monitored over time. • Xenobiotics are those chemicals which are man-made and do not occur naturally in nature. Other important classes of xenobiotics are potentially toxic plant alkaloids or fungal toxins. Epub 2011 Jan 9. hydroxylation & phase 2 reaction conjugation. Bacteria and fungi are source of xenobiotic degradation. Q.2- The hydroxylated products of phase-1 are converted to soluble metabolites by coupling with polar agents in phase -2 of detoxification reactions by a … Xenobiotics are the chemical compounds which are not endogeneously produced and therefore foreign to a given biological system. But these enzymes are not very specific and each enzyme oxidise a limited range of compounds. Which of the following bacterium is called as the superbug that could clean up oil spills. These observations clearly indicate that gene mobilization between and within replicons is an important process during genetic adaptation. Biodegradation performance in the natural habitat is affected and controlled by the physicochemical properties of the environment. xenobiotics are toxic compounds, but many xenobiotics indeed are harmful to living organisms. Most pharmacological agents are lipophilic and their elimination from the body is facilitated by enzymatic modifications to render them more hydrophilic. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. BIODEGRADATION OF XENOBIOTICS HYDROCARBONS, PLASTICS & PESTICIDES DONE BY SUSHMITA PRADHAN II SEM M.Sc Microbiology. These compounds are made by synthetic organic chemicals and are stranger to the biosphere. 1. Xenobiotics in the body are removed by a process called xenobiotic metabolism. The microorganisms possess a wide range of catabolic biodegradation pathways and, thus, use these toxic xenobiotics as the sole source of carbon and energy. Ans. 9.3). Xenobiotics are man-made chemical compounds that are very difficult to degrade. Pathways. Whereas xenobiotics may persist in the environment for months and years, most biogenic compounds are biodegraded rapidly. Our interest in the microbial biodegradation of xenobiotics has increased many folds in recent years to find out sustainable ways for environmental cleanup. Read, Phase 1 reactions like oxidation , reduction &. most phase 1 biotransformation enzymes play an important role in DETOXIFICATION … Microbial degradation of xenobiotics has been thoroughly studied. The pathways of microbial s-triazine degradation are presented, and the problems in biological treatment of wastewater containing s-triazines are discussed Microbial desulfonation. It also suggests that genes that are involved in biodegradation of xenobiotics were recruited from a ‘pre-industrial’ gene pool by integration, transposition, homologous recombination and mobilization. xenobiotics. Guide line for mechanism & pathways. Epoxidation. , 2010 ) will aid in determining whether interference with PPARβ/δ-dependent functions can lead to tissue-specific toxicities. Molecular Biology Multiple Choice Questions and Answers (MCQs): Quizzes & Practice Tests with Answer Key (Molecular Biology Quick Study Guide & Course Review) covers exam review tests for competitive exams to solve 600 MCQs. Source of Xenobiotics 4. Exceptions are lignin, the structural polymer of woody plants, and, above all, the melanin polymers which are constituents a. Liver; Unchanged. Reduction. Here is a compilation of important fill in the blanks questions on Metabolism of Xenobiotics. 1999. XENOBIOTICS • It is derived from a greek word “XENOS” meaning ‘foreign or strange’. It should be recognized however, that all incubation vials contained approximately 1 g of aquifer solids and 24 ml of Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. For each question, choose the one best answer. Biodegradation is expected to be the major mechanism of loss for most chemicals released into the environment. With resepect to environment it includes synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and industrial pollutants. Fill in the Blanks: 1. makes xenobiotics more polar, more water soluble and more easily excreted in urine most conjugates are usually less toxic than the 'parent' ones. The microbial-macrophytic rhizosphere stabilization and degradation are enhanced by the plant roots’ release of cometabolites and by the roots’ facilitating soil aeration (see Figure 8.6 ). Xenobiotics include chemically synthesized compounds such as pesticides, polyethylene, polystyrene & PVC. Biodegradation 2. 2. Biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds: Petroleum Hydrocarbons and pesticide degradation Gaurav Raja Parmar M.Sc. About this book. Biodegradation. There is enormous scope for increasing the range and extent of biodegradative procedures that can be used to reduce problems of hazardous and unpleasant wastes and to exploit renewable feedstocks. biodegradation, but many hetero-backbone polymers, such as polyethers, polyesters, and polyamides are biodegradable. 2. In most cases, metabolic transformation of a drug results in its inactivation and accelerated elimination from the body. 1. Fewson There is enormous scope for increasing the range and extent of biodegradative procedures that can be used to reduce problems of hazardous and unpleasant wastes and to … Comparison of experimental methods for determination of toxicity and biodegradability of xenobiotic compounds. Based on existing information on the degradability of synthetic polymers, copolymers con-sisting of different types of polymer chains or monomers have been designed, some of which are industrially produced as biodegradable polymers. Xenobiotics 3. The accumulation of recalcitrant xenobiotic compounds is due to continuous efflux from population and industrial inputs that have created a serious impact on the pristine nature of our environment. What is biotranformation or detoxification. Write down the process of conjugation with four. In addition, the halogens and/or other substituent groups are either modified or … Biodegradation of Xenobiotic compounds. Xenobiotic compounds are those that are found in living systems or in the environment that are not natural to them. Substances that are present in abnormally high concentrations can also be considered xenobiotic.
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